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The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–23, it was eventually expanded to young men ages 17–28.〔(PBS Timeline of CCC )〕 Robert Fechner was the head of the agency. It was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a small wage of $30 a month ($25 of which had to be sent home to their families).〔John A. Salmond, ''The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study'' (1967)〕 The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs.〔Perry H. Merrill, ''Roosevelt's Forest Army, A History of the Civilian Conservation Corps'' (1981) p. 196〕 Principal benefits of an individual's enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability.〔("Conservation: Poor Young Men, ''Time'' Feb. 6, 1939 online )〕 Implicitly, the CCC also led to a greater public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors and the nation's natural resources; and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources.〔Robert Allen Ermentrout, "Forgotten Men: The Civilian Conservation Corps," (1982) p. 99〕 During the time of the CCC, enrollees planted nearly 3 billion trees to help reforest America, constructed more than 800 parks nationwide and upgraded most state parks, updated forest fire fighting methods, and built a network of service buildings and public roadways in remote areas.〔(CCC Legacy Web site 13 July, 2014 )〕 The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency. It depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation for its existence. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, need for work relief declined and Congress voted to close the program.〔Wirth, pp. 105, 142-144〕 ==Founding== As governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. Long interested in conservation,〔John A. Salmond, ''The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study.'' (1967), ch. 1 (online edition )〕 as president, he proposed to Congress a full-scale national program on 21 March 1933:〔"Message to Congress on Unemployment Relief. March 21," ''The Presidential Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933'' (1938)〕 He promised this law would provide 16 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, and medical care for working in the national forests and other government properties. The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on 31 March. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on 5 April 1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, a former labor union official who served until 1939. The organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. The order indicated that the program was to be supervised jointly by four government departments: Labor, which recruited the young men, War, which operated the camps, and Agriculture and Interior, which organized and supervised the work projects. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative from each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program. To end the opposition from labor unions (which wanted no training programs started when so many of their men were unemployed)〔Neil M. Maher, ''Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement'' (2009), p. 79〕 Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor.〔On the formation see Frank Freidel, ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal'' (1973), pp. 255-266〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civilian Conservation Corps」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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